Glossary

1. Counting the Omer

The ritual of counting the days from Pesach (Passover) leading up to Shavuot (Pentecost) by bringing in an omer (or sheaf) of barley to the Temple beginning on the second day of Pesach (Passover). Then, a total of 50 days are counted culminating on the day of Shavuot (Pentecost). This commandment is mentioned in Leviticus 23:9-16.

2. Havdallah

A religious ceremony that marks the symbolic end of Shabbat and holidays, and ushers in the new week. Havdallah literally means "separation." In Judaism, Shabbat ends—and the new week begins—at nightfall on Saturday. Havdalah may be recited as soon as three stars are visible in the night sky. Some communities delay the Havdalah until later, in order to prolong Shabbat. Havdalah is normally recited over kosher wine or kosher grape juice, although other beverages (except for water) may be used if wine or grape juice are not available. On completion of the Shabbat, a special braided Havdalah candle with more than one wick is lit, and a prayer is recited, and it is customary to gaze at one's fingernails reflecting the light of the candle. Spices, often stored in a decorative spice container, are handed around so that everyone can smell the fragrance.